Slab climbing is climbing on rock that is less than vertical, where the angle is low but holds are often small or absent. Success depends on delicate footwork, balance, and friction (smearing) rather than upper-body strength. Slabs reward precise technique and composure, since slips usually mean scraping down the rock.
Ice climbing is the sport of ascending frozen waterfalls, ice-covered rock, and glaciers using ice axes, crampons, and ice screws for protection. Climbers swing tools and kick crampon points into the ice to move upward. Conditions change constantly with temperature, making judgment as important as technique.
Free soloing is climbing without a rope or any protective gear, where a fall would almost certainly be fatal. It is the most dangerous form of climbing, practiced by a small number of elite climbers on terrain well within their ability. It is distinct from free climbing, which uses ropes for protection.
Free climbing is climbing using only your hands, feet, and natural rock features for upward progress, with the rope and gear used solely to protect against a fall — not to help you move. It contrasts with aid climbing, where gear bears weight. Sport, trad, and bouldering are all forms of free climbing, and it is often confused with free soloing.
Lead climbing is a style where the climber ascends with the rope trailing from below, clipping it into protection along the way, rather than having it anchored above. Falls are longer and more dynamic than top-roping, and both climber and belayer need specific skills, making lead the gateway to most outdoor climbing.
Traditional, or trad, climbing is a style where the leader places removable protection — such as cams and nuts — into cracks and features as they climb, and the follower removes it. It demands gear-placement skill and judgment on top of climbing ability, and leaves the rock free of fixed hardware.
Sport climbing is a style of rock climbing where climbers ascend routes protected by permanent bolts drilled into the rock, clipping the rope with quickdraws as they lead. Because protection is fixed and reliable, it emphasizes hard, gymnastic movement over placing gear, making it the most popular form of outdoor lead climbing.
Top-rope climbing is a style in which the rope runs from the climber up to an anchor at the top of the route and back down to the belayer. Because the rope is always anchored above, a slip results in only a short fall, making it the safest and most common way for beginners to start climbing.
Bouldering is a form of rock climbing done on short walls or boulders without ropes, using crash pads and spotters for protection. Routes, called problems, are usually under six metres and emphasize powerful, technical movement. It is the most accessible and social way to start climbing.
Rock climbing is the sport of ascending rock faces using hands, feet, and specialized safety equipment. It spans styles from rope-protected routes to ropeless bouldering, both indoors and outdoors, and routes are rated by difficulty. Climbers progress by building technique, strength, and risk management.